The Fetch Execute Cycle Computer Science Essay

The Fetch Execute Cycle Computer Science Essay Within this report about Computer Hardware, the report will cover the main concepts of computer hardware. Within this report there will be information about the main concepts of a computer system also. These main concepts will include Processors, Memory (Primary and Secondary), Input and output devices under the user types and networking, and support elements that will help the overall performance of a computer. Processors are parts of the computer that heart and brain of every computer, as it allows the processing of data in the computer system as well as the allowing instructions to be stored onto memory. The processor communicates with all the components of the computer. It mostly helps with the hardware, memory, and RAM of the computer or laptop CPU The CPU or central Processing unit is the most important and without the CPU the system would not be about to process anything. The Primary usage of the CPU is when instructions for the computer are created. Instructions are taken to decode a number of data types from programs. The CPU has to implement 4 basic functions during the fetch execute cycle; these are Fetch, Decode, Execute and Store (Hubapges, 2012). Fetch-execute cycle The Fetch-execute cycle is the sequence that the CPU gets an instruction from a certain program memory, decodes the incoming message and carries out that certain request. (Rob Williams, (2006) p52-54). Each of the instructions has an address, and the processor takes the address from something called the program counter. The program counter is in charge for tracking what instructions the CPU should execute. In basic teams instructions from memory being tracked (Hubpages (2012). The Following are the stages from inside a Fetch-execute Cycle Decode Once the CPU fetches the instructions, decodes the instruction, and then strips it down so that it can be easily executed (Complete PC Pedia. 2010). However some CPUs understand different types of instructions. For Example Assembly codes must be decoded into binary instructions. (Hubpages, 2012). Execution -After the decoding has been executed, memory is needed for data to be performed. For example a command to print is given when the first instruction has reached the CPU. Store after the execution, the CPU writes the results onto the main memory or on a register. The CPU must then give some feedback after execution. Then output data is written to the memory.Made in a presentation owned by De Montfort University, copyright them. To the right is a diagram that shows the basic stages of the fetch-execute cycle Shane Preece. (2008) Registers Whenever the processors execute instructions, data is temporarily stored in local memory locations of 8-64 bits called registers. The type processor the machine owns depends on the overall number of registers which can vary from ten to many hundreds and even thousands. There are many types of registers but the main ones are listed below. Accumulator register which stores arithmetic operations, as well as logical one; Status register holds system status indicators such as overflow; Instruction register contains the current instruction being processed; Ordinal counter contains addresses of the next instruction; (Kioskea.net. (N/A)) Examples of other Processors Microprocessor: A microprocessor is a circuit that has been integrated on a tiny silicon chip that contains millions of tiny switches on/out, known as transistors. These are laid along microscopic lines that store or manipulate data. These circuits copy data in patterns, and these patterns that can be programmed by software to help the machine do many useful tasks. (Belarus network. (2009).) Graphics processing unit (GPU) The Graphics Processing Unit is somewhat like the CPU (Central Processing Unit). GPU is a single-chip processor. While the CPU acts like the brain of the system, the GPU is primarily used for the computing 3D functions. For example lighting effects, object transformations, and 3D motion. (TechTerms.com. (2012)) Memory Memory is split into two parts. Primary and Secondary Primary memory is one of the most important parts of a computer. The processors inside the computer stores and retrieves information from the memory and is accessed by the CPU in a random order making RAM or random access memory. So any location of this memory can be accessed by the CPU to store or read. Random Access Memory, or RAM, is the most common under the major types of Semiconductor memory. RAM has the ability to both read data from memory and also is able to write new data into memory really easy and incredibly fast. Both reading and writing is done via electrical signals. However RAM is classed a volatile. This is when the memory is deleted when there is no power resulting in the loss of data. Leading to RAM used only as temporary storage. RAM also has two different types being DRAM and SRAM. (William Stallings (2006). 148-149.) DRAM or Dynamic memory is made with cells that hold data as charge on capacitors. The showing of charge in is the binary code of 1 or 0 when present or absent. DRAM is used in main memory. (William Stallings (2006). 148-149.) SRAM or static random access memory is made up of 1000s of flip-flop circuits. While SRAM is the much fastest between the two, it is the most expensive of read-write memory. The SRAM is the fastest on-chip cache memory. Also compared to DRAM, it is low power consuming and is brilliant for battery-powered portable machines. SRAM is used in cache memory. (Rob Williams (2006). p121.) ROM Read only memory contains patterns of data that cannot be edited or changed. ROM is classed as non-volatile, meaning no power supply is needed in order to maintain the bit values in the memory. ROM is what it is, read only, cannot be changed or rewritten. One of the best things about ROM is that all the data or program is always located in the main memory and it will never be needed to be loaded into some form of secondary storage device. (William Stallings (2006). 148-149.) Cache Memory Cache Memory lies between main memory and CPU. The Cache memory is random access memory that the computers microprocessor can access more quickly than its RAM. When the microprocessor processes data, firstly it takes a look in the  cache  memory and if it finds the data there. (Kioskea.net. (N/A)). Cache memory is local memory that causes waiting times for information stored in the RAM (Random Access Memory). This overall effects the speed performance of the computers main memory making it slower than that of the processor, but at the same time are certain types of memory is faster, but has greatly increased costs. Cache memory is sometimes put into levels of closeness or accessibility to the microprocessor. An example of a cache level is L1 cache; this is on the same chip as the microprocessor, or L2 is usually a separate static RAM (SRAM) chip. The main RAM is usually a dynamic RAM (DRAM) chip. (SearchStorage (2000)). Cache also reduces the latency time of memory when transferring information. When the processor is in operation, L1 cache can interface with L2 controllers to transfer information Also the L2 cache interfaces with the RAM (level three caches) to allow transfers. (Kioskea.net. (N/A)). Virtual Memory Virtual memory today is now very common, as virtual memory can be located in all types computers and operating systems. Virtual memory can even be found in the smallest microprocessor to the largest supercomputer. However Virtual Memory is not real, physical memory, as it is a type of storage space so large that programmers do not need to edit the programs or documents in way shape or form. Whenever the content of a program is loaded the amount of a local memory is changed. (Peter J.Denning. (1996). p213-216.) Secondary memory Secondary is the slowest and cheapest form of memory that money can buy. It stores the data permanently unless it is erased however itt cannot be processed directly by the CPU so it must be manually copied from primary storage. Secondary Memory can include types such as magnetic disks, optical disks and sometimes magnetic tapes. WikiAnswers. (2012). Magnetic disks Magnetic disks are data that is encoded on disks. This enables the user the ability to store information on a magnetic disk as many times as you want as well as erase it. Examples are Hard Drives and Floppy Disks First is the floppy disk : One of the first types of secondary memory, floppy disks consists of a typical 5 ¼-inch floppy disk that can hold 360Kb or 1.2MB. However 3 ½-inches normally store 720Kb, 1.2MB or 1.44MB of data. Webopedia. (2012). The Hard disk is the most common secondary data as they are used in almost every computer system as they provide A LOT of data for the operating system, files, music and games that you want to store on the machine. Hard disks can store from 20MB to more than 200GB. Hard disks are also 10 to 100 times faster than floppy disks. Webopedia. (2012). Removable cartridge hard disks encased in a metal or plastic cartridge, so you can remove them just like a floppy disk. Removable cartridges are very fast, though usually not as fast as fixed hard disks. Optical disks Optical disks record data by burning microscopic holes in the surface of the disk with a laser. To read the disk, another laser beam shines on the disk and detects the holes by changes in the reflection pattern. Webopedia. (2012). CD-ROM : Most optical disks are read-only. When you purchase them, they are already filled with data. You can read the data from a CD-ROM, but you cannot modify, delete, or write new data. Webopedia. (2012). Input and Output elements The input and output devices are another important part for a computer system. Devices you use will depend on what kind of data needs to be inputted onto the machine then a output will be produced of the results. This certain output can be displayed via a computer screen, printed page, and even the audio. Input and output elements can be either for the user or network. Below are some of the main input elements for the user Keyboard A keyboard is one of the most common parts of a computer system that is used to enter text into the computer and display it to the screen. The keyboard can also be used to type commands, such as an on-screen menu using a mouse. Plus most keyboards these days are not just used for typing text, but also most now have numeric keypad, editing keys and a row of function keys along the top. UNM-LA. (2004). Mouse A mouse is by far the most common pointing input device for computers. With the working mechanics of a ball on its underside that rolls on a flat surface causes the pointer on the screen to move. The mouse allows you to reposition the pointer on the screen that shows where the next interaction with the computer can take place. The cursor can also be moved by pressing different keyboard keys. N/A. (N/A). Scanners Scanners are special devices that copy images from a hardcopy source and then copys it to the screen making a digital copy. It works by the image being converted to numerically and sent to the computer for very colour weather it is light or dark. Scanners normally scan graphic pages however they can be used to scan text pages using the OCR or Optical Character Recognition. UNM-LA. (2004). Types of Screens Cathode ray tube or CRT monitors display text and graphics are some of the most common used today. Another type of screen flat panel display usually uses an LCD (Liquid Crystal Display) screen to display output from the computer. A flat display often seen on watches and calculators. LCD screens are used on laptop computers. Some LCDs are monochrome, but colour screens are popular. Some laptop screens are nearing CRTs in resolution quality. N/A. (N/A). Trackball Trackballs are like a mouse variation that is used to play video games. The trackball is basically an upside-down mouse-you roll the ball directly with your hand. N/A. (N/A) Below are some of the main output elements for the user Printers Today the most common printer would have to be ink jet printer as they produce for hardcopy output. These printers print a on the page by spraying ink to the page. However these printers need a lot of ink. Also a common printer is laser printers. These printers produce some of the best kind of image quality. NM-LA. (2004). Speakers Computers Speakers produce output via sound also, from very basic beeps, to some of the best sounds via game sound effects or music. Basic sounds may be on the motherboard, but high quality audio are from speakers that output from a PC which can be inserted to in a expansion slot,. UNM-LA. (2004). Networking inputs and outputs Modems Modems use data communications via a dial-up or broadband connection that allows computers to exchange data. The normal telephone modem offers communication rates from 300-56000bps. For a modem, it contains two different types of translators. The first is the Modulator which transmits digital signals out down the phone line in analogue form. While the demodulator receives analogue signals from the phone line and converts them back into digital form. Rob Williams (2006) Hub A hub is one of the most basic networking devices, which can connect ma number of computers or network devices together. Unlike a network router, network hubs have no routing tables where they can send information and broadcasts. Most hubs can detect basic network problems such as collisions, however if there is multiple ports being used, the risk of security risks can increase. With hubs, they serve as central connection points for local area networks (LANs). Also there are not just box hubs, but USB ones as well. Computer Hope. (2012) Support Elements Support elements for a computer are to help the computer system. This can be classed as performance aiding such as increasing the computers performance, elements such as making the computer not suffer from a system failure due to overheating and even elements that help support the whole computer by keeping it protected or helping it work. 1. The use of support elements below are elements that transfer information between components Buses A system bus is a special set of physical connections such as cables, which are shared by multiple hardware components in order to communicate with each other The purpose of system buses is to reduce the number of pathways that are needed for communication between computers components, by carrying out all communications over a single data channel. Below is a diagram of a bus and it shows how a simple bus change can be put into place to make the flow of data simple and not complex., compared to the one on the left. . (Kioskea.net. (n/a)) schematic diagram of a bus A system bus is sorted by the amount of information that is transmitted, which is shown in bits. For example a 32-wire ribbon cable can transmit 32 bits in parallel. While the speed of the bus speed is called frequency and shown as Hertz which is the number of data packets sent or received per second. This is known as a cycle. (Kioskea.net. (n/a)) System Buses are split up into three distinct groups. They are Data, Address and Control. Data buses are normally 32 bits wide but can be increased to bits of 64 Address buses are 32 bits but will require more space soon Control bus- about 15 lines responsible for starting and stopping activities (Rob Williams( 2006)(p56-59) Fiber Cable Fiber optic cable are cables that are made of a very clear glass tube that transmits light to and from a system. Light will travel down the tube in a straight line. The light jumps off of the mirrors in the wire and is directed back into the fiber optic core to continue its journey along the cable. Michelle Miley. (1999). The next type of support elements are to put power in and take excess power out The power supply is hands down the most vital part of any computer system. The power supply converts the AC or alternating current from your home to the direct current or DC. In a PC or personal computer, the power supply is a large metal box usually found in a corner of the case with or next to the fans. The power supply is visible from the back as it contains the power-cord receptacle and the cooling fan. Gary Brown. (1998). Fans One of the main components in a compute is a fan. An example of this can be found in the CPU as there is a CPU fan. Fans are one of the most effective ways to cool down the computers processor and protect the computer from overheating and damaging the system. The CPU fan actively cools the processor by bringing in cooler air. Also cooling fans are available in a many of sizes. The CPUs cooling fans are attached directly to the top of the CPU, and works together with an aluminium heat sink fan. They cool down the CPU and reduce the amount of hot air from circulating around in the computer case. Heat sink An aluminium heat sink fan is a cooling device that draws heat away from the computers components into its large surface area to transfer cooler. This cooling device works at the same time as everything else in the computer. NMB. (2010). The next types are support elements to hold and support the components The Case The computer case can be the aluminum, steel and/or plastic shell that protects all of the computers components. Computer Cases are built to support a certain sets of hardware, in other words not all motherboards, optical drives or other hardware may be compatible with a particular computer case as the size maybe incompatible. Some computer cases come with power supplies or other essential hardware preinstalled. Motherboard A motherboard holds all the main elements of the computer or laptop together. Located on the motherboard, the CPU must be matched a slot in the motherboard so that it may fit into the motherboards sockets. The Motherboard allows the communication of electrical signals to pass through the computer. Without it the computer would be nothing more than an empty shell. Conclusion In conclusion, this report has cover the main attributes of computer hardware being the processor, memory, Input and output elements and support elements. The processor is the brain of the computer and the CPU or central processing unit is the main type of processor in front of the microprocessor and the CPU uses the fetch-execute cycle. While memory covered primary and secondary. Primary being main memory accessed by the CPU and examples are RAM, ROM, Registers and cache. Secondary is stored information, and examples are Optical and Magnetic. While Input/output elements include Keyboards, mouses, screens, printers (user) and Modems and HUBs (network). Also support elements are system buses, cables, power supplies, cases and motherboards that help the performance of the machine.

Calpine and Cisco Debate Over Coyote Valley :: Metcalf Energy Center Pollution Essays

Calpine and Cisco debate over Coyote Valley Throughout the years the technology industry has been growing with incredible speed expanding all over California. San Jose is known as the capital of Silicon Valley where major technology companies and start-ups call home. With fast spreading companies it is necessary to have enough power in San Jose to supply the increase in energy demand. Recently there was a plan proposed to the City of San Jose by Calpine Corporation to build a power plant in Coyote Valley. Nearby residents and several other organizations, including Mayor Ron Gonzales, are against this plan due to environmental hazards and safety precautions with schools and residents. It is possible the power plant can bring to San Jose several positive outcomes that will help develop the city into the center of the technology world. Although the power plant sounds like it would benefit San Jose by creating jobs and providing energy, the Metcalf Energy Center can cause severe consequences to the city in the future. The power plant is expected to bring more jobs to San Jose during the construction phase. â€Å"This project also promises to save customers in California up to $1.8 billion dollars by 2010† (Levey 1) . There certainly is a very high demand in power with the growing technology industry. The state of California fears that if the power plant is not built there will be a shortage of power in the state. â€Å"If the San Jose City Council decides not to rezone land for the project, the state could take the unprecedented step of overriding a community's opposition to a new power plant. California has faced persistent power shortages this year. And state analysts already have recommended approving the project† (Levey 1) . If Calpine get approval to begin constructing the power plant, San Jose will have several problems in the future. Ethical Issues Is it ethical to build a power plant that will pollute the air and possibly hurt the health of nearby residents? If the power plant is built in San Jose there are people who say that the environment would rapidly degrade the South Bay. City officials are questioning whether the 600-megawatt power plant will give off small amounts of pollutants. Calpine and Cisco Debate Over Coyote Valley :: Metcalf Energy Center Pollution Essays Calpine and Cisco debate over Coyote Valley Throughout the years the technology industry has been growing with incredible speed expanding all over California. San Jose is known as the capital of Silicon Valley where major technology companies and start-ups call home. With fast spreading companies it is necessary to have enough power in San Jose to supply the increase in energy demand. Recently there was a plan proposed to the City of San Jose by Calpine Corporation to build a power plant in Coyote Valley. Nearby residents and several other organizations, including Mayor Ron Gonzales, are against this plan due to environmental hazards and safety precautions with schools and residents. It is possible the power plant can bring to San Jose several positive outcomes that will help develop the city into the center of the technology world. Although the power plant sounds like it would benefit San Jose by creating jobs and providing energy, the Metcalf Energy Center can cause severe consequences to the city in the future. The power plant is expected to bring more jobs to San Jose during the construction phase. â€Å"This project also promises to save customers in California up to $1.8 billion dollars by 2010† (Levey 1) . There certainly is a very high demand in power with the growing technology industry. The state of California fears that if the power plant is not built there will be a shortage of power in the state. â€Å"If the San Jose City Council decides not to rezone land for the project, the state could take the unprecedented step of overriding a community's opposition to a new power plant. California has faced persistent power shortages this year. And state analysts already have recommended approving the project† (Levey 1) . If Calpine get approval to begin constructing the power plant, San Jose will have several problems in the future. Ethical Issues Is it ethical to build a power plant that will pollute the air and possibly hurt the health of nearby residents? If the power plant is built in San Jose there are people who say that the environment would rapidly degrade the South Bay. City officials are questioning whether the 600-megawatt power plant will give off small amounts of pollutants.

Ethical Considerations in Motivated Learning

When students have goals to achieve, the motivation to do more or better goes into overdrive. Goal Theory and Ethical Implications The goal theory of motivation is explained by Such nun (2012) as, â€Å"Goal theory postulates that important relations exist among goals, expectations, attributions, conceptions of ability, motivational orientations, social and self comparisons, and achievement behaviors† (Andersen & Welters, Blundered, Elliot, Maier & Shush, Pinprick, Pinprick & Shush, Whiner, as cited in Chunk 201 2, p. 374). Goals, values, and expectations are roles of motivation within earning as described social cognitive theorists.Goals are set and progress is evaluated, when progress is made toward those goals, an individual's self- efficacy, self-motivation and self-achievement is validated. Goals provide the individual marker points to assess ones progress to mastering the desired outcome or knowledge retention on a particular subject. â€Å"Motivation is goal- directed behavior instigated and sustained by people's expectations concerning the anticipated outcomes of their actions and their self-efficacy for performing those actions† (Bandeau, as cited in Chunk, 201 2, p. 372).The ales of a learner are a key part of this motivation. If they find what they are learning self-satisfying and important they are more likely to be motivated to learn and achieve the goals that have been established. When talking about goals in relation to goal theories it is evident that certain ethical standards may be impacted due to the need of achievement to the final desired outcome. Through achieving goals as an example in social cognitive theory one may have to violate the individual autonomy or safety within the subjects' community.Nagy (201 1) states, There are occasions when psychologists sight have to initiate safeguards to help ensure the autonomy and safety of individuals or communities. † The ethical principles of modern psychologists are to evalua te what ethical standards may be violated in the pursuit of the us abject achieving set goals either through their therapeutic processes or learning processes. Some areas of concern are reflected in individualized role differences, cultural, individual, and vulnerabilities in where access to legal protections and violation of one's personal rights may be threatened.The psychologist is to ensure that other human attributes of the members' immediate society shall not be violated in the pursuit of the subjects goals and should be clearly explained in a therapeutic setting. Achievement Motivation Theory and Ethical Implications The achievement motivation theory is based on the belief that all individuals have needs and go through an unconscious process to attempt to meet these needs (Rayon, 1969). According to Chunk, ‘The study of achievement motivation is central to education and learning' (p. 58). In the achievement motivation theory, individuals strive to be become and remain c ompetent in heir participation in forceful activities. Individuals strive achieve their goals (Whiner, 1975). In learning individuals might strive to be rewarded with good grades for their hard work. The achievement of the grade is what motivates the individual to complete the assignment. The achievement motivation theory has been linked to personality through the desire individuals have to satisfy needs (Chunk, 2012).Contemporary models of achievement motivation theory emphasized the contribution of success expectancy, and an individual's perceived value of the task to be completed (2012). Chunk (2012) tastes, â€Å"Students' initial motivational beliefs center on goals, self-concepts of abilities, and perceptions of task demands† (p. 362). In the self-worth theory of achievement motivation individuals base their achievement in their perception of self-worth based on results of emotional conflicts between hope for success and the fear of failure (Chunk, 2012).An individual i s driven by their anticipation of success and their anxiety of failing. People are driven by their fear of failure and being perceived by others as incompetent and unworthy. Ethical disadvantages to the achievement motivation theory include the low reliability and correlation with other achievement measurements (Chunk, 2012). An individual's perception on the way others perceive them can also be a pitfall in the utilization Of the achievement motivational theory.The cultural background, gender role stereotypes and other ethical issues could alter an individual's perception of their ability to achieve the goals in which they have set. Social Cognitive Theory and Ethical Implications Social Cognitive Theory, developed by Albert Bandeau emphasizes learning based off of social surroundings. As one grows from childhood to adolescence and later in adulthood, there is a heavy influence from family and friends, as well as career setting that mold people into who there are (Chunk, 2010).Band eau stated, â€Å"Learning would be exceedingly laborious, not to mention hazardous if people had to rely solely on the effects of their own actions to inform them what to do. † (Bandeau, 1971). This explains that one develops skills form observation of others. Bandeau goes on to say, â€Å"Fortunately, most human behavior is learned observationally through modeling from observing others one forms an idea of new behaviors are reformed, and on later occasions this coded information serves as a guide for action. In other words, learning comes from a live model with full demonstration of behavior that is exhibited by others. There are many different ethical dilemmas that can surface in psychological practices with utilization of the social cognitive motivation theory. Kismet (1991) suggested that, â€Å"Studies pertaining to ethical decision making and attitude toward social and behavioral research suggest that certain extra scientific characteristics of researchers may be ass ociated with different stances on ethical issues or may influence the kinds of ethical decisions drawn. Based on the psychologists attitude toward the research could influence the behavior of the participants; engaging in behavior that is deemed unethical. There is always an ethical concern when dealing with biased opinion of psychologists, which can then turned into manipulation to achieve specific results Attribution Theory of Motivation and Ethical Implications In psychology the study of motivation is used to help understand and explain any type of observed change behavior that has occurred in a person.Motivation is usually a valued form of performance since effects that occur from change are typically only temporary (Male, 2004). When a person become slightly motivated to accomplish or perform a task due to a motivation change, this person could latter have very little interest in this task due to another change in motivation. Since motivation changes a channel over and over it becomes difficult to measure and use in psychology (Male, 2004). Primary and basic motives are looked at as hunger, need for drink, sexual, to avoided aggression, pain, and fear.This primary drive of motivation or individuals comes from the basic needs and survival. Secondary individuals typically will look for power, achievement and other specialized motivations. Attribution theory in motivation has been researched in a variety of ways (Male, 2004). Research methods include of electrical stimulation and chemical stimulation in the human brain. This recorded the electric brain wave activity though the use of an electroencephalograph. Lesion techniques are often used to study the portion of the brain that has been destroyed and the subsequent changes have been changed.Attempts to analyze people at psychological level try to understand why people behave in certain ways. Motivation is people could contribute to presence of other in their social world. It is difficult for psychologist t o fully measure what motivates individuals to accomplish secondary motives in their lives making it a high pitfall for psychology use (Male, 2004). Many individuals gain motivation for personal needs and draw motivation from many different areas of life making it hard to measure and test. Conclusion In conclusion, motivated learning has various aspects tied into it.Goals are important for those who are interested in achieving a high level of success. While desiring to reach these goals, students begin to understand that there are steps or tasks to partake in for them to acquire achievement. When students begin to believe how others perceive them, it can cause their motivation to take a left turn. Those who deal with social issues often deal with the influence of the people around them. The motivation to do more has to come from our personal experiences. It can be linked to growing up poor, not have the right people around to guide you, and etc.

Public police system Essay

Science is derived from the Latin word scientia, which denotes, â€Å"knowledge† and it refers to any methodical knowledge-base or standpoint practice which is competent in ensuing in a forecast or predictable result. In its more ordinary limited sense, science refers to a method of obtaining facts based on a scientific technique. On the other hand, Art is the product or procedure of intentionally arranging components in a manner that appeals to the feelings or senses. It encompasses a variety of human activities, formations, as well as forms of expression, comprising literature and music. The denotation of art is examined within a branch of philosophy identified as aesthetics. The public police system is said to favor the science over the art due to a number of reasons: (Poulin, K. C & Nemeth, C, 2005) To start with, the public police system favors the science over the art because of the connection between art and the police. Art is inexorably understood as culture, which is a reflection of Trocki’s syntagm â€Å"when I hear the word culture, I reach for my gun. † The connection between the police and art explicitly discloses that the discourse of art is at all times understood as a sort of a joke in relation to the policeman. Here, the discourse of art is simply the one that relates to as well as mirrors the structure of power, represented and instituted by the policeman himself. (Poulin, K. C & Nemeth, C, 2005, p. 278) Secondly, the police favors the science given that science and technology play a crucial function in contemporary policing. For instance, police make use of forensic science to determine crime more effectively, forgive those who are not guilty as well as convict lawbreakers. Hi-tech information as well as communication systems makes it possible for officers to spent extra time connect with citizens and less moments engrossed with paperwork. In addition, the police favor the science because technology and cutting-edge science are employed in activities of terrorism and organized crime given that the police have to stay one step in front. (Poulin, K. C & Nemeth, C, 2005) Finally, the police use science and technology to fight crime by relying on a progressively more wide variety of sophisticated communications and information technology, other technologies as well as forensic science to serve the community. Some of the important technological and scientific tools that constitute police system’s backbone include: the Police National Computer (PNC), the national fingerprint and DNA database, the Road traffic law enforcement technology as well as the Science and technology in the police force: the future. (Poulin, K. C & Nemeth, C, 2005) Poulin, K. C & Nemeth, Charles P. (2005) Private Security and Public Safety: A Community-Based Approach, Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice-Hall Inc†¦ ISBN 0131123742, 9780131123748

Free Essays on Krispy Kreme Case

SWOT Analysis Strengths: Product cost Strong business history Long standing company ethics Strong customer base Nationally known brand of donuts Donut-making â€Å"theatres† Strong Community relationships â€Å"One-of-a-kind taste† Weaknesses: Limited menu items Markets are leaning towards healthier food products Heavy competition Lack of advertising Opportunities: Expansion into premium coffee lines Diversification of product offerings Co-Branding opportunities Expansion into a more global marketplace Web based sales of Krispy Kreme merchandise Threats: Stiff competition from several similar companies Healthier product alternatives available Krispy Kreme Doughnuts, Inc. is a specialty retailer of doughnuts. The company's business owns and franchises Krispy Kreme doughnut stores, where it makes and sells over 20 varieties of doughnuts, including its signature Hot Original Glazed and nine other varieties. Each of its stores is a doughnut factory with the capacity to produce from 4,000 dozen to over 10,000 dozen doughnuts daily. The Company also sells in its stores coffee, other beverages, other bakery items and collectible memorabilia such as tee shirts, sweatshirts and hats. There are currently 368 Krispy Kreme stores in 44 states and 4 countries and the company also accomplishes off-premises sales through its direct store delivery system. Krispy Kreme also has plans to expand on its international presence. Currently they are looking to open up markets in Europe, Asia, and Mexico. Krispy Kreme's strong marketing focus is their charitable efforts through giveaways and wholesale charges to charities. By using this particular approach they continue to emphasize their small town, southern hospitality, commitment to community and brand value. With this strong ethical platform Krispy Kreme should prove to be a long standing me... Free Essays on Krispy Kreme Case Free Essays on Krispy Kreme Case SWOT Analysis Strengths: Product cost Strong business history Long standing company ethics Strong customer base Nationally known brand of donuts Donut-making â€Å"theatres† Strong Community relationships â€Å"One-of-a-kind taste† Weaknesses: Limited menu items Markets are leaning towards healthier food products Heavy competition Lack of advertising Opportunities: Expansion into premium coffee lines Diversification of product offerings Co-Branding opportunities Expansion into a more global marketplace Web based sales of Krispy Kreme merchandise Threats: Stiff competition from several similar companies Healthier product alternatives available Krispy Kreme Doughnuts, Inc. is a specialty retailer of doughnuts. The company's business owns and franchises Krispy Kreme doughnut stores, where it makes and sells over 20 varieties of doughnuts, including its signature Hot Original Glazed and nine other varieties. Each of its stores is a doughnut factory with the capacity to produce from 4,000 dozen to over 10,000 dozen doughnuts daily. The Company also sells in its stores coffee, other beverages, other bakery items and collectible memorabilia such as tee shirts, sweatshirts and hats. There are currently 368 Krispy Kreme stores in 44 states and 4 countries and the company also accomplishes off-premises sales through its direct store delivery system. Krispy Kreme also has plans to expand on its international presence. Currently they are looking to open up markets in Europe, Asia, and Mexico. Krispy Kreme's strong marketing focus is their charitable efforts through giveaways and wholesale charges to charities. By using this particular approach they continue to emphasize their small town, southern hospitality, commitment to community and brand value. With this strong ethical platform Krispy Kreme should prove to be a long standing me...

Critical Thinking 3 Essay Example

Critical Thinking 3 Essay Example Critical Thinking 3 Essay Critical Thinking 3 Essay Essay Topic: Critical Thinking Critical Thinking Questions: Week 3 Name: Course: Date: Critical Thinking Questions: Week 3 Chapter 7 – Designing for Problem Solving1. Describe a Policy Problem that you might assign a learner, using an actual issue that’s being debated in today’s political news. How would you solve the problem? The issue of abortion has been among the most controversial issues around the world given the presence of both opposing and supporting sides of the policy. The solution to this problem would be achieved through the evaluation of the positive and negative attributes of either the opposing or the supporting sides. This is further dependent on individual opinions and beliefs towards the issue. Hence, individuals assume positions based on their beliefs and opinions. The benefits and demerits of a policy determine its acceptance or denial by the students (Reiser, Dempsey, 2002).2. Why does the author state that problem solving is the most natural, complex, and meaningful kind of learning/thinking activity? Do you agree or disagree? Explain I agree with the author’s view that â€Å"problem solving is the most natural, complex, and meaningful kind of learning/thinking activity† because of the ability of learners to use such platforms to develop their rational capacities (Cavanaugh, 2004). This is because ability to make decisions and solve problems results in growth in ability to make similar as well as complex decisions and solutions for such levels of problems. Humans possess cognitive abilities which they use in solving problems. Rationality is based on use of experiences as a means of developing solutions related to such a situation. Hence, a solution to a problem is usually developed based on the use of experiences and the skills for development of solutions gained through problem solving (Newby, 2006).Chapter 8 – Instructional Theory and Technology for a Postindustrial World1.What other characteristics of the learning process and learning environment do can you envision for a postindustrial par adigm of instruction? What are some of the barriers to making this type of instruction a reality? The post-industrial educational system is as a result of the changes or shift from an industrial society to a postindustrial society. This has resulted in new educational systems such as distance learning, home-schooling volunteering and internships. It is an indication of a shift from necessity of physical attendance into institutions (Reiser, Dempsey, 2002). The barriers to the full utilization of the post industrial system are the reluctance to change from the traditional industrial system. This is because the industrial system is considered as providing employment to a sizeable number of individuals both directly and indirectly (Cavanaugh, 2004).2. What are some ways that technology can make post-industrial instruction easier on teachers? Include examples not given in the chapter. In what ways might it make it more difficult? Technology could provide teachers with the ability to make specialized teaching to individual students such as through distance learning. It could also provide teachers and learners with an avenue for interactions on a professional level in issues related to coursework or educational activities. This provides teachers with the ability to cultivate the interests of the students towards educational activities. Hence, this has potency to improve productivity from an educational perspective (Newby, 2006). Technology could also make this more difficult. In a case where training is not done correctly, technology is rendered useless as its use becomes difficult.Chapter 9 – Motivation, Volition, and Performance 1. Compare and contrast motivation with volition. What are some ways that they can interact to support or diminish one another? Motivation is the enthusiasm or drive towards the achievement of set goals and objectives or aspirations, whereas volition is termed as the individual will towards achievement of set goals and objectives. Volition is also termed as a process which transitions form actual intention to behavior towards the achievement of specific goals and objectives. On the other hand, motivation is termed as a process, which enables the development of behavioral intentions towards achievement certain goals and objectives (Reiser, Dempsey, 2002). 2. Applying volition strategies effectively can also be related to â€Å"good work habits†. What are some strategies that one might apply to strengthen their volition? How can these strategies be promoted through an online course? Decision making process is delicate towards the achievement of certain goals and objectives. Volition could be strengthened through the establishment of precise goals and objectives for achievement (Newby, 2006). Motivation could be used to strengthen volition for achievement of set our goals and objectives. In addition, another strategy includes the use of timelines for achievement of goals and objectives to ensure that an individual is able to strengthen his or her volition.

Are Leaders Born Or Made How Do We Identify Leaders Do We Need Leaders Essay

Are Leaders Born Or Made How Do We Identify Leaders Do We Need Leaders In This Current Economic Climate - Essay Example This point has been explained in the present discourse by comparing two different organisations based on personal work experience. In the process, various aspects of leader and team behaviour, organisational systems, structure and management concepts have been used to explain leadership effectiveness and use of management concepts. This discourse presents an argument on leadership effectiveness in relation with leadership theories, management concepts and organisational culture. Leadership has been defined from different perspectives. Leadership at workplace has been the focus of many contemporary organisations. Contrary to the conventional management concepts and philosophy, the present-day organisations believe that leadership is essential for organisational sustenance. Daft defines leadership as the influence relationship among leaders and followers who intend real change and outcomes that reflect their shared purposes (2007; p.4). In an organisational context, the essential eleme nts in leadership include the leader, influence, intention, personal responsibility and integrity, change, shared purpose, followers. These elements, although essential in any leadership concept, are specifically significant in an organisational context because this context brings together leaders by virtue of their position and people with a purpose. Such leadership is assigned leadership (Northouse, 2009). Another form of leadership is emergent leadership, which refers to leadership acquired by one’s actions, and ability to earn followers; this leadership is more commonly found in political groups, and lesser in organisational setups. Leadership has been defined in numerous ways by different people, and from different perspectives. One of the broad definitions proposed by Yuki is that leadership is the process of influencing others to understand and agree about what needs to be done and how to do it, and the process of facilitating individual and collective efforts to accom plish shared objectives (, p.26). According to Bryman, â€Å"leadership is the creation of a vision about a desired future state which seeks to enmesh all members of an organisation in its net† (1986, p.6). Jackson and Parry (2007) highlight three aspects of leadership, which provide sufficient reasons to explore leadership. These aspects include the contemplative notion whether leaders were born or made; secondly, what are the characteristics of an effective leader; thirdly, what is the difference between leadership and management. These three aspects provide significant insight into the concept of leadership and management. Theoretical construct on the concept of leadership is vast and delves deep into aspects such as individuals’ personality, style, background etc (Contingency theories) along with situations (Situational leadership), culture, perceived values, vision (Visionary and transformational leadership) and even characteristics of followers. Various leadershi p characteristics have been proposed by many researchers, which gave rise to the trait theories of leadership. Some of the traits explained in these theories include intelligence, insight, responsibility, confidence, cognition, self-motivated, emotional intelligence etc (Northouse, 2007). Fiedler’s contingency theory of leadership emphasizes that leader’s effectiveness or the group’s performance is determined by leadership style and situational need. Leadership